Some function words are used to recapitulate an expression.
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The most obvious example of such words are pronouns, that are specifically used for that.
Here are some examples of pronouns:
I like this hat, but I’m not going to buy it.
[it = this hat]
She invited her brother, but he couldn’t come.
[he = her brother]
These flowers are for your sister. Can you give them to her?
[them = these flowers]
[her = your sister]
But pronouns are not the only function words that are used this way. Here belong also some adverbials and even some verbs. Have a look at some of them one by one:
so
– Will you be able to win the money for me?
– I hope so.
[so = that I will be able to win the money for you]
She’s an excellent dancer and so is her daughter.
[so = (also) an excellent dancer]
The students were late, so they decided not to enter the classroom.
[so = because the students were late]
do
They don’t believe her, but I do.
[do = believe her]
do so
You can’t enter the room, unless they ask you to do so.
[do so = enter the room]
now
I’m at a business meeting. I can’t talk to you now.
[now = at the time of the business meeting]
then
He was a pilot during the war. It was a very dangerous job then.
[then = during the war]
here
You like this place? Well, actually I live here.
[here = in this place]
there
They sent him to Africa. He had no idea it’s so hot there.
[there = in Africa]
thus
The water is too cold and thus I have to heat it first.
[thus = because the water is too cold]
Someone stole her car, thus making her walk all the way through the snow to the city.
[thus = by stealing her car]
hence
He set the building on fire and hence was sentenced to prison.
[hence = as a result of setting the building on fire]
therefore
The car is very small and therefore very convenient to park in a crowded city like this.
[therefore = because the car is very small]